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			<h1>Git 基本操作</h1>
<p>
Git 的工作就是创建和保存你项目的快照及与之后的快照进行对比。</p><p>本章将对有关创建与提交你的项目快照的命令作介绍。</p>
<p>Git 常用的是以下 6 个命令：<strong>git clone</strong>、<strong>git push</strong>、<strong>git add</strong> 、<strong>git commit</strong>、<strong>git checkout</strong>、<strong>git pull</strong>，后面我们会详细介绍。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/git-command.jpg"></p>
<p><strong>说明：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>workspace：工作区</li>
<li>staging area：暂存区/缓存区</li>
<li>local repository：版本库或本地仓库</li>
<li>remote repository：远程仓库</li>
</ul>
<p>一个简单的操作步骤：</p>
<pre>$ git init    
$ git add .    
$ git commit  </pre>
<ul><li>
git init - 初始化仓库。
</li><li>
git add .  -  添加文件到暂存区。
</li><li>
git commit  -  将暂存区内容添加到仓库中。
</li></ul>


<h3>创建仓库命令</h3>
<p>下表列出了 git 创建仓库的命令：</p>
<table class="reference">
<tr><th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-init.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git init</a></code></td>
<td>初始化仓库</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-clone.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git clone </a></code></td>
<td>拷贝一份远程仓库，也就是下载一个项目。</td>
</tr>
</table>


<hr>
<h2>提交与修改</h2>
<p>Git 的工作就是创建和保存你的项目的快照及与之后的快照进行对比。</p>
<p>下表列出了有关创建与提交你的项目的快照的命令：</p>

<table class="reference">
<tr><th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-add.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git add</a></code></td>
<td>添加文件到暂存区</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-status.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git status </a></code></td>
<td>查看仓库当前的状态，显示有变更的文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-diff.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git diff </a></code></td>
<td>比较文件的不同，即暂存区和工作区的差异。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-commit.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git commit </a></code></td>
<td>提交暂存区到本地仓库。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-reset.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git reset </a></code></td>
<td>回退版本。</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-rm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git rm </a></code></td>
<td>将文件从暂存区和工作区中删除。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-mv.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git mv </a></code></td>
<td>移动或重命名工作区文件。</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h3>提交日志</h3>
<table class="reference">
    <tr><th>命令</th>
    <th>说明</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td><code><a href="../git/git-commit-history.html#git-log" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git log</a></code></td>
    <td>查看历史提交记录</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td><code><a href="../git/git-commit-history.html#git-blame" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git blame &lt;file&gt;</a>
        </code></td>
        <td>以列表形式查看指定文件的历史修改记录</td>
        </tr>
    </table>

<h3>远程操作</h3>
<table class="reference">
<tr><th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-remote.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git remote</a></code></td>
<td>远程仓库操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="../git/git-fetch.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git fetch</a>
</code></td>
<td>从远程获取代码库</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td><code><a href="../git/git-pull.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git pull</a>
    </code></td>
    <td>下载远程代码并合并</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td><code><a href="../git/git-push.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">git push</a>
        </code></td>
        <td>上传远程代码并合并</td>
        </tr>
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	<ol class="commentlist">
		<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-35938"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hepburn</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;158***9602@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-35938" data-commid = "35938" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">91</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-35938"><p data-title>git commit、git  push、git pull、 git fetch、git merge 的含义与区别</p>
<ul><li>
git commit：是将本地修改过的文件提交到本地库中；
</li><li>
git  push：是将本地库中的最新信息发送给远程库；
</li><li>
git pull：是从远程获取最新版本到本地，并自动merge；
</li><li>
git fetch：是从远程获取最新版本到本地，不会自动merge；
</li><li>
git merge：是用于从指定的commit(s)合并到当前分支，用来合并两个分支；
</li></ul>
<pre>$ git merge -b  // 指将 b 分支合并到当前分支</pre>
<p><span class="marked">git pull</span> 相当于 <span class="marked">git fetch + git merge</span>。</p>
<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="../note/35938">hepburn</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hepburn</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;158***9602@qq.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-10-15)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-36599"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tuntuntunwu</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;wxq***567567@126.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-36599" data-commid = "36599" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">22</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-36599"><p><strong>git 基本操作注意点总结:</strong></p>
<pre>git clone &lt;source repository&gt; &lt;destination repository&gt;</pre>

<p>复制本地仓库的命令方式。</p>
<p><strong>&lt;source repository&gt;</strong>：想克隆的本地仓库路径</p>
<p><strong>&lt;destination repository&gt;</strong>：想克隆去另一个地方的路径。例如 git clone d:/git e:/git11 是将 d:/git 的仓库（即包含隐藏文件 .git 的目录）克隆到 e:/git11 目录下。</p>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>1、<strong>&lt;destination repository&gt;</strong> 目录必须没有在文件系统上创建，或创建了但里面为空，不然会克隆不成功。</p>
<p>2、与从远程拉取仓库不同，路径的最后不用写 <strong>.git</strong> 来表明这是一个仓库。</p>

<pre>git status &ndash;s</pre>

<p>获得简短的状态输出。</p>


<pre>git diff</pre>

<ul>
<li>git diff：查看工作区与暂存区的不同。</li>
<li>git diff –cached [&lt;commit&gt;]：查看暂存区与指定提交版本的不同，版本可缺省（为HEAD）。</li>
<li>git diff &lt;commit&gt;：查看工作区与指定提交版本的不同。</li>
<li>git diff &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt;：查看2个指定提交版本的不同，其中任一可缺省（为HEAD）。</li>
<li>git diff &lt;commit&gt;...&lt;commit&gt;：查看2个不同分支指定提交版本的不同，其中任一可缺省（为HEAD），该命令相当于git diff $(git-merge-base A B) B。</li>
</ul>


<pre>git commit &ndash;am ""</pre>

<p>直接提交全部修改，相当于 add 和 commit 一起执行了。</p>
<p>注意：全部文件为 tracked 才行，你新建了文件为 untracked 时，该命令不会执行。</p>

<pre>git checkout</pre>

<p>与 git reset 不同，reset 是替换整个目录树，多余的文件将被删除。而 checkout 只是替换指定的文件，对多余的文件保留不做任何处理。</p>

<pre>git rm</pre>

<p>把文件从工作区和暂存区中删除。使用 —cached 只从暂存区中删除。使用 –rf &lt;directory&gt; 可删除指定目录下的所有文件和子目录。</p>

<pre>git mv &lt;source&gt; &lt;destination&gt;</pre>

<p>在工作区和暂存区中进行移动或重命名。若 &lt;destination&gt; 不为一个目录名，则执行重命名。如果为一个目录名，则执行移动。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">tuntuntunwu</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tuntuntunwu</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;wxq***567567@126.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-11-05)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-42607"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;汪洋</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;768***667@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-42607" data-commid = "42607" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">18</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-42607"><p><strong><a href="../w3cnote/git-graphical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">图解 Git &nbsp;<i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/1557394755-3986-basic-usage.svg-.png" /></p>
<p>上面的四条命令在工作目录、暂存目录(也叫做索引)和仓库之间复制文件。</p>
<ul>
 	<li><code>git add <em>files</em></code> 把当前文件放入暂存区域。</li>
 	<li><code>git commit</code> 给暂存区域生成快照并提交。</li>
 	<li><code>git reset -- <em>files</em></code> 用来撤销最后一次<code>git add <em>files</em></code>，你也可以用<code>git reset</code> 撤销所有暂存区域文件。</li>
 	<li><code>git checkout -- <em>files</em></code> 把文件从暂存区域复制到工作目录，用来丢弃本地修改。</li>
</ul>


<blockquote>
<p>更多图解参考：<a href="../w3cnote/git-graphical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/git-graphical.html</a></p></blockquote>

<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">汪洋</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;汪洋</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;768***667@qq.com</p></div></span>4年前 (2019-05-09)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-tianqixin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-56524"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DGd</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;345***34@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://gist.github.com/guweigang/9848271">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-56524" data-commid = "56524" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">88</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-56524"><h3 data-title>Git 常用命令大全</h3>
<p>git 常用命令(<strong>点击图片查看大图</strong>)：</p>
<p><a href="../wp-content/uploads/2015/02/011500266295799.jpg" target="_blnak" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/011500266295799.jpg"></a></p>
<pre>git init                                                  # 初始化本地git仓库（创建新仓库）
git config --global user.name "xxx"                       # 配置用户名
git config --global user.email "xxx@xxx.com"              # 配置邮件
git config --global color.ui true                         # git status等命令自动着色
git config --global color.status auto
git config --global color.diff auto
git config --global color.branch auto
git config --global color.interactive auto
git config --global --unset http.proxy                    # remove  proxy configuration on git
git clone git+ssh://git@192.168.53.168/VT.git             # clone远程仓库
git status                                                # 查看当前版本状态（是否修改）
git add xyz                                               # 添加xyz文件至index
git add .                                                 # 增加当前子目录下所有更改过的文件至index
git commit -m 'xxx'                                       # 提交
git commit --amend -m 'xxx'                               # 合并上一次提交（用于反复修改）
git commit -am 'xxx'                                      # 将add和commit合为一步
git rm xxx                                                # 删除index中的文件
git rm -r *                                               # 递归删除
git log                                                   # 显示提交日志
git log -1                                                # 显示1行日志 -n为n行
git log -5
git log --stat                                            # 显示提交日志及相关变动文件
git log -p -m
git show dfb02e6e4f2f7b573337763e5c0013802e392818         # 显示某个提交的详细内容
git show dfb02                                            # 可只用commitid的前几位
git show HEAD                                             # 显示HEAD提交日志
git show HEAD^                                            # 显示HEAD的父（上一个版本）的提交日志 ^^为上两个版本 ^5为上5个版本
git tag                                                   # 显示已存在的tag
git tag -a v2.0 -m 'xxx'                                  # 增加v2.0的tag
git show v2.0                                             # 显示v2.0的日志及详细内容
git log v2.0                                              # 显示v2.0的日志
git diff                                                  # 显示所有未添加至index的变更
git diff --cached                                         # 显示所有已添加index但还未commit的变更
git diff HEAD^                                            # 比较与上一个版本的差异
git diff HEAD -- ./lib                                    # 比较与HEAD版本lib目录的差异
git diff origin/master..master                            # 比较远程分支master上有本地分支master上没有的
git diff origin/master..master --stat                     # 只显示差异的文件，不显示具体内容
git remote add origin git+ssh://git@192.168.53.168/VT.git # 增加远程定义（用于push/pull/fetch）
git branch                                                # 显示本地分支
git branch --contains 50089                               # 显示包含提交50089的分支
git branch -a                                             # 显示所有分支
git branch -r                                             # 显示所有原创分支
git branch --merged                                       # 显示所有已合并到当前分支的分支
git branch --no-merged                                    # 显示所有未合并到当前分支的分支
git branch -m master master_copy                          # 本地分支改名
git checkout -b master_copy                               # 从当前分支创建新分支master_copy并检出
git checkout -b master master_copy                        # 上面的完整版
git checkout features/performance                         # 检出已存在的features/performance分支
git checkout --track hotfixes/BJVEP933                    # 检出远程分支hotfixes/BJVEP933并创建本地跟踪分支
git checkout v2.0                                         # 检出版本v2.0
git checkout -b devel origin/develop                      # 从远程分支develop创建新本地分支devel并检出
git checkout -- README                                    # 检出head版本的README文件（可用于修改错误回退）
git merge origin/master                                   # 合并远程master分支至当前分支
git cherry-pick ff44785404a8e                             # 合并提交ff44785404a8e的修改
git push origin master                                    # 将当前分支push到远程master分支
git push origin :hotfixes/BJVEP933                        # 删除远程仓库的hotfixes/BJVEP933分支
git push --tags                                           # 把所有tag推送到远程仓库
git fetch                                                 # 获取所有远程分支（不更新本地分支，另需merge）
git fetch --prune                                         # 获取所有原创分支并清除服务器上已删掉的分支
git pull origin master                                    # 获取远程分支master并merge到当前分支
git mv README README2                                     # 重命名文件README为README2
git reset --hard HEAD                                     # 将当前版本重置为HEAD（通常用于merge失败回退）
git rebase
git branch -d hotfixes/BJVEP933                           # 删除分支hotfixes/BJVEP933（本分支修改已合并到其他分支）
git branch -D hotfixes/BJVEP933                           # 强制删除分支hotfixes/BJVEP933
git ls-files                                              # 列出git index包含的文件
git show-branch                                           # 图示当前分支历史
git show-branch --all                                     # 图示所有分支历史
git whatchanged                                           # 显示提交历史对应的文件修改
git revert dfb02e6e4f2f7b573337763e5c0013802e392818       # 撤销提交dfb02e6e4f2f7b573337763e5c0013802e392818
git ls-tree HEAD                                          # 内部命令：显示某个git对象
git rev-parse v2.0                                        # 内部命令：显示某个ref对于的SHA1 HASH
git reflog                                                # 显示所有提交，包括孤立节点
git show HEAD@{5}
git show master@{yesterday}                               # 显示master分支昨天的状态
git log --pretty=format:'%h %s' --graph                   # 图示提交日志
git show HEAD~3
git show -s --pretty=raw 2be7fcb476
git stash                                                 # 暂存当前修改，将所有至为HEAD状态
git stash list                                            # 查看所有暂存
git stash show -p stash@{0}                               # 参考第一次暂存
git stash apply stash@{0}                                 # 应用第一次暂存
git grep "delete from"                                    # 文件中搜索文本&ldquo;delete from&rdquo;
git grep -e '#define' --and -e SORT_DIRENT
git gc
git fsck</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="../note/56524">DGd</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DGd</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;345***34@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://gist.github.com/guweigang/9848271">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div></span>3年前 (2020-08-25)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
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